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2022-01-19 09:54:44|已瀏覽:613次

Issue 新題
Vol.1
Some people believe that it is helpful to view a challenging situation as an opportunity for personal growth. Others believe that reimagining challenging situations this way occupies too much of the focus one needs to face challenges effectively.
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.
思路分析
題目以雙方觀點(diǎn)矛盾沖突體現(xiàn)出來,圍繞同一個概念challenging situation展開不同的看法,一方認(rèn)為有利于成長,另一方則認(rèn)為會過度關(guān)注,暗示著有不好的地方。但是從論證角度來看,離開具體的情景說好還是不好都有失偏頗,所以考生需要自行加入場景才能夠開展自己的立場論證。
觀察題目其實(shí)已經(jīng)把大背景確立下了,雙方矛盾沖突點(diǎn)一方重點(diǎn)在personal growth,另一方重點(diǎn)在face challenges effectively,把二者聯(lián)系起來,題目其實(shí)給我們的線索就是圍繞應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)和個人成長之間的關(guān)系展開。
一方面,有效應(yīng)對了挑戰(zhàn)是否一定意味著能夠獲得個人成長,支持者會說成長就是不斷應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)突破極限的過程,而困難與挑戰(zhàn)一定是成長過程中不可避免的。而反對者則會指出,人生中只有很少的因素會真正影響到我們的成長,多數(shù)情況下即便是挑戰(zhàn)可能根本就不會意識到,當(dāng)然也不會影響到自身的成長。
深入討論一下,之所以會有上述兩個不同的角度論述,其實(shí)是沒有給personal growth明確的定義,因此需要從另一個方面論述,即獲得personal growth是否一定要通過face challenges effectively。如果把personal growth側(cè)重點(diǎn)放在意識到自身的不足,那么面對挑戰(zhàn)則能讓人意識到自己的不足之處;而如果把personal growth 側(cè)重點(diǎn)放在找到人生的方向并且主動努力,那么面對挑戰(zhàn)之前首要的考慮不是如何克服困難,而是思考該挑戰(zhàn)本身是否有價(jià)值,是否會影響到對于未來的信心。
Vol.2
Some people believe that traveling to and living in numerous places increases one's ability to relate and connect to other people. Others believe that this ability is better cultivated by living in one place and developing a deep understanding of that community.
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.
思路分析
和第一題類似,也用雙方矛盾沖突的形式呈現(xiàn)出不同的觀點(diǎn),不過這里雙方都是圍繞同一個目的展開的觀點(diǎn),即ability to relate and connect to other people,一方認(rèn)為需要不同地方旅游,另一方則認(rèn)為要深入理解一個地方。這樣的話題對于有過旅游經(jīng)歷的考生并不陌生,事實(shí)上不同地方走走看看和同一地方停留兩者之間本身就不是矛盾的關(guān)系,如同在一個地方住膩了就出去看看,走累了就停下來歇歇。不過既然出在了寫作題目,我們就有必要探究一下雙方深層次的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。對于考生而言,就是要自行定義deep understanding of that community或者connect to other people意義究竟在哪里。
Connect 單詞《韋氏字典》解釋是to become joined,在題目給定的話題中指的則是自己和他人之間的共通之處,因此在此話題中只討論自身不涉及對方的討論本身就或多或少會存在問題。從這個角度來說,deep understanding意義在于深刻理解每個文化背后代表的該民族特有的信仰,避免可能的沖突并且通過融入當(dāng)?shù)匦袨榉绞綇亩⑦B接;而從另一個角度而言,共通點(diǎn)既可以來源于現(xiàn)有的理念,也可以通過共同努力創(chuàng)造出來,所以living in numerous places滿足對方的好奇心,也可以讓自己成為一個能夠包容不同思維模式的人。
上述構(gòu)思討論了如何connect with people,而要深入探討題目中的雙方是否有意義就需要討論connect with people 究竟有何意義。個人作為社會的一員,依賴于通過社會評價(jià)體系給出的反饋尋找自身價(jià)值,因此作為外來者有義務(wù)理解這個群體的共同行為方式符合對方的預(yù)期,才有可能獲得廣泛的認(rèn)同。然而如果個人的意義完全依賴于他人的評價(jià)則失去了作為個人的獨(dú)立意義,也就意味著connect to other people 不應(yīng)該以犧牲自身的獨(dú)特性作為代價(jià)。從這個角度展開,盡管deep understanding 更容易獲得認(rèn)可,但是也會讓個人更加容易受他人的約束。因此到不同的地方旅游不僅僅是滿足好奇心,同時也是給自己留出未來改變的可能性。
Vol.3
Claim: Young people's tendency to make extensive use of portable devices like smartphones and tablets has hurt their development of social skills.
Reason: These devices encourage users to form artificial personalities and relationships online rather than fully and honestly engaging with the people around them.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.
思路分析
題目采取reason – claim的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)論證形式,可以通過有效邏輯推理看出題目的話外音,從而找到不同的思路。有效的論證指的是證據(jù)和結(jié)論緊密連接的關(guān)系,通常而言有兩個方面的考察:一方面證據(jù)成立的時候一定能夠得出原文結(jié)論,不可能得出相反的結(jié)論;另一方面結(jié)論成立的時候影響因素唯有原文的證據(jù),不存在其他沒有考慮到的影響因素。
題目論點(diǎn)和原因中都涉及了手機(jī)平板這類電子產(chǎn)品的使用,最終要證明電子產(chǎn)品會損害社交技能,原因是電子產(chǎn)品會有artificial personality而非完全融入交流。題目的重點(diǎn)在于development of social skills和artificial personality之間的關(guān)系,按照有效論證的考察,一方面虛擬人格(artificial personality)對于社交是否真的水火不容?這就可以從電子產(chǎn)品的意義去入手討論,支持者可以說社會交往重要的是分享共情的能力,電子產(chǎn)品能夠做到信息的高效傳遞但是文字信息所蘊(yùn)含的感情不是遠(yuǎn)距離打字可以體會的;反對者則可把電子產(chǎn)品定義成為社會發(fā)展的必然產(chǎn)物,而接受新生事物亦是發(fā)展社交能力所必須具備的能力。不僅如此,而且電子產(chǎn)品只是社會人實(shí)現(xiàn)自身目的的工具,即便交流形式從口頭信息變成了文字信息,但是語言表達(dá)的習(xí)慣依然受制于雙方的文化習(xí)俗,因此理解感情并非難事。另一方面從發(fā)展社交能力的意義入手,是否必須要通過參與面對面交流實(shí)現(xiàn),而不能夠通過發(fā)展虛擬人格實(shí)現(xiàn)?這個角度就要求從social skills 定義發(fā)展來討論,其實(shí)可以結(jié)合題目中給到的young people 來討論。年輕人需要得到社會他人的認(rèn)可,而發(fā)達(dá)的電子搜索功能則會某種程度上限制他們探索社會的能力;但是另一方面,年輕人之所以需要他人的認(rèn)可最終是為了認(rèn)可自己的事業(yè)和理想,因而整個社會的發(fā)展也必須考慮到年輕人不同的需求。面對面交流對多數(shù)人可能會收獲很多,但對于社恐青年可能并不友好。而且社會對于年輕人要求不應(yīng)該等同于完全的成年人,前者并不能夠?qū)ψ约旱难孕型耆?fù)有責(zé)任,因而通過一定的程序設(shè)計(jì)出虛擬程序,從而形成的虛擬人格也是形成完整人格的必經(jīng)之路。
總言之,考生采取的立場以及論證的關(guān)鍵在于social skills 和artificial personality兩個關(guān)鍵概念的定義。
Argument 新題
Vol.1
The following memo was published by the Welzaton City Commission.
"A recent nationwide study of the effectiveness of wearing a safety helmet while bicycling indicates that ten years ago approximately 35 percent of all bicyclists reported wearing helmets, whereas today that number is nearly 80 percent. Another study, however, cites a 200 percent increase in the number of serious accidents involving bicycles during the same period. Meanwhile, results of a local survey of frequent bicycle riders indicate that 75 percent of those riders feel 'much safer' on busy roads when they wear helmets than when they don't. Clearly, the best explanation for the rise in bicycle-related accidents is that bicyclists take more risks now than they did ten years ago because they feel safer when they are wearing helmets."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
思路分析
原文最終的結(jié)論是要說騎手騎車更加危險(xiǎn)了,證據(jù)主要從兩個方面來說明。一個是安全帽本身可以提供安全,證據(jù)是local survey說騎手感覺更加安全;另一方面通過之前安全帽帶了事故也多想要排除騎手自身導(dǎo)致的事故,這里作者用了兩份報(bào)告,一份reported wearing helmet證明真的戴了,另一份200% accident increase想要說明事故真的多了。
漏洞:
1、 事故增加200%不一定增加很多,從10起到30起
2、 Bicyclists 證詞不一定可靠:主要精力都在路況上面,是否真的戴了不一定記得
3、 事故增加的人一定戴了頭盔:可能20%不戴頭盔的人是事故增加的主力;
4、 Feel safer不一定真的安全:道路危險(xiǎn)可能交警都無法預(yù)知
Vol.2
The following memorandum is from the president of Primo Doll Manufacturing, Inc.
"According to a survey last year of parents who purchased the Elkie, our most popular doll, 90 percent reported that although their children were extremely satisfied with the doll's features, the doll quickly wore out with use. In a follow-up survey of the same parents, 80 percent reported that they would recommend a more durable version of the doll to their friends. In response to these surveys, we have created the Elkie-Advanced Doll, which has similar features to the original Elkie Doll but is manufactured using the same higher quality materials used by Optima Doll Manufacturing, our most successful competitor. Because parents can now purchase the beloved Elkie doll and be sure that it won't quickly wear out with use, we predict that our profits will exceed those of Optima Doll Manufacturing this year."
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.
思路分析
原文最終想要證明新款娃娃可以讓公司利潤超過競爭對手,主要論述分三方面說明。第一是用去年的survey說明原來的娃娃有問題,然后說用了競爭對手也在使用的材料想要證明新款娃娃一定比之前的舊款質(zhì)量好,最后結(jié)合另一份survey說很多人會推薦給朋友來證明新款的娃娃大家會去買。
漏洞:
1、 doll quickly wore out是否真的是大問題,parents認(rèn)為quickly可能對于廠家來說很正常,而且可能之后消費(fèi)者習(xí)慣了就不是大問題
2、 競爭對手使用不一定代表沒有問題,可能Optima現(xiàn)在用的材料已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了問題;即便真的沒有問題,Primo可能也用不了,因?yàn)椴贿m用生產(chǎn)機(jī)器;即便可以適用,advanced doll可能還有其他缺陷導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)者不買,或者成本極高
3、 推薦給朋友對方是否一定會買,即便會買,之前會推薦給朋友是否未來也會推薦
4、 未來企業(yè)是否會保持盈利,新產(chǎn)品是否會擠占其他產(chǎn)品/業(yè)務(wù)的資源?
Optima有沒有采取類似的措施增加利潤
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