GMAT考試中�？嫉恼Z(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)

    GMAT的語(yǔ)法部分，也就是 Sentence Correction 部分，因?yàn)樗�在整個(gè)verbal部分的地位最高，以至于很多同學(xué)在復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候給予了它非常多的期待，甚至還有江湖流傳說(shuō)：得語(yǔ)法者得 GMAT考試。今天，我們就一起看看那些 GMAT 必考和常考的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。

01、平行結(jié)構(gòu)

    出現(xiàn)頻率：20%

    難度系數(shù)：2 星

    平行結(jié)構(gòu)作為GMAT考試中最大考點(diǎn)，在平常學(xué)習(xí)得時(shí)候相信大家也感受到了它無(wú)處不在的魅力，任何時(shí)候平行結(jié)構(gòu)都要求其前后平行的對(duì)象是語(yǔ)法功能相同的。

NO.1  and

    and是gmat 考試必考的點(diǎn)，即使不單獨(dú)設(shè)置題目也一定和其他考點(diǎn)組合著順帶考察。

NO.2  but

    But在gmat語(yǔ)法考試中和and一樣考察平行的，所以看到but第一件事就是判斷其前后是否平行。

NO.3  both …and

    Both…and搭配喜歡考察一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的搭配both…as well as;同時(shí)both…and要求前后非常嚴(yán)格的平行，both后面有什么and后面就要求有同樣語(yǔ)法功能的對(duì)象。

NO.4  either…or

    Either…or的平行原則和both…and一致。

NO.5  not only…but also

    Not only…but also這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中only可以替換成just，also可以省略。平行原則類(lèi)似于both…and.

    接下來(lái)我們看一道例題，了解一下平行結(jié)構(gòu)的考法長(zhǎng)成什么樣。

    Drawing on her roots in a society that has a strong tra- dition of story-telling and oral renditions of the past, Indian writer Suniti Namjoshi incorporates many types of litera- ture into her writing: including historical texts, legends, and even nursery rhymes from both Indian as well as European sources.

    A) writing: including historical texts, legends, and even nursery rhymes from both Indian as well as

    B) writing: historical texts, legends, and even nursery rhymes from both Indian and

    C) writing: these include historical texts, legends, and even nursery rhymes from both Indian and

    D) writing, which includes historical texts, legends, and even nursery rhymes both from Indian as well as

    E) writing that includes historical texts, legends, and even nursery rhymes both from Indian and

    本題考察both…as well as搭配錯(cuò)誤。以及both…and平行問(wèn)題，根據(jù)這個(gè)點(diǎn)可以扔掉ADE。

02、句子架構(gòu)

    出現(xiàn)頻率：60%

    難度系數(shù)：3 星

    句子架構(gòu)是基礎(chǔ)功底要求，理論上解決所有的題目都需要用到句子架構(gòu)的能力，所以這里我們把它的比例寫(xiě)的非常高。但是句子架構(gòu)真正考察的時(shí)候，喜歡考察句子架構(gòu)完整性，而考察句子架構(gòu)完整的時(shí)候，只考察句子的謂語(yǔ)有沒(méi)有，選項(xiàng)差異點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，往往我們選擇謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

    Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.

    A) ozone is formed in the atmosphere from

    B) ozone is formed in the atmosphere when

    C) ozone is formed in the atmosphere, and when

    D) ozone, formed in the atmosphere when

    E) ozone, formed in the atmosphere from

    本題考察句子架構(gòu)：區(qū)分點(diǎn)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，只有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以讓句子架構(gòu)完整，所以DE 錯(cuò)誤。本題順便還考察了and前后平行問(wèn)題，C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。

03、比較結(jié)構(gòu)

    出現(xiàn)頻率：10%

    難度系數(shù)：5 星

NO.1 like& as

    Like表“像”是介詞，后面不可以接完整的句子。

    而as表“像”是連詞，后面可以接完整的句子，不可以直接接名詞。

NO.2 more than/less than/as…as

    比較結(jié)構(gòu)最基本的考察是搭配,不可以出現(xiàn)的混搭一般有以下這些：more…as; as…than; more…compared with/ compared to/in comparison to; more…rather than/instead of;

    另外注意出現(xiàn)數(shù)字比如20cm或者2000years等后面不能接as…as

NO.3 助動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)出

    名詞比較的時(shí)候往往考察有沒(méi)有資格補(bǔ)出助動(dòng)詞，記住只有和作主語(yǔ)的名詞比較的名詞才有資格補(bǔ)出助動(dòng)詞。

    Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2,000 years as old as any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors.

    A) as old as any of their supposed

    B) older than any of their supposed

    C) as old as their supposed

    D) older than any of their supposedly

    E) as old as their supposedly

    本題典型的未劃線(xiàn)出現(xiàn)數(shù)字2, 000 years，數(shù)字不可以和as…as原級(jí)搭配，所以ACE錯(cuò)誤。

04、that 從句

    出現(xiàn)頻率：12%

    難度系數(shù)：3 星

NO.1  that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

    that引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句，所以that和它所修飾的名詞不可以直接用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，另外that一定要在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)。

NO.2  同位語(yǔ)從句考點(diǎn)

    抽象名詞需要一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句才可以把其內(nèi)容完全表達(dá)清楚。

NO.3  賓語(yǔ)從句考點(diǎn)

    研究表明，證據(jù)表明，理論認(rèn)為的都是事實(shí)，事實(shí)必須是that引導(dǎo)的從句才可以表達(dá)清楚。

05、代詞

    出現(xiàn)頻率：10%

    難度系數(shù)：3 星

NO.1  it

    It為特指代詞，指代名詞及其修飾語(yǔ)，所以考察it的時(shí)候常常喜歡和that一起考，而that僅僅指代名詞本身就可以。比如the weather in Beijing is better than that in shanghai.這個(gè)代詞that 指代weather，但是如果換成it則錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)閕t會(huì)指代the weather in Beijing這個(gè)整體，就不合理了。

NO.2  they／them／their

    Gmat考察代詞they的時(shí)候喜歡考察，一個(gè)句子中同一個(gè)代詞指代不同的名詞錯(cuò)誤，比如前面看到一個(gè)they想指代a名詞，后面出現(xiàn)they或者them／their想要指代名詞b錯(cuò)誤。當(dāng)然也會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單考察代詞單復(fù)數(shù)是否正確。

NO.3  this

    Gmat考試中this只考察一個(gè)點(diǎn)：就是不要裸奔，不要試圖用this指代一句話(huà)，它做不到，this要正確，必須是this car或者this case之類(lèi)的場(chǎng)景。

    Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to be- come a white dwarf.

    A) Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, itexpands into a red giant, eventually ejecting

    B) Like any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, then it expands into a red giant and eventually ejects

    C) As in the case of any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, it will expand into a red giant, and eventually ejecting

    D) As any star of similar mass would, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted it will expand into a red giant and will eventually eject

    E) As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core,it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject

    本題首先涉及了like和as考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)涉及了代詞it考點(diǎn)，根據(jù)like和as考點(diǎn)可以干掉ABCD。根據(jù)it考點(diǎn)可以干掉BCD。

06、主謂一致

    出現(xiàn)頻率：8%

    難度系數(shù)：2 星

NO.1  主語(yǔ)有很長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)

    一般主謂一致的考題，都是考察我們能不能找到核心的主語(yǔ)是誰(shuí)，所以往往給名詞跟很長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)，梳理清楚之后，主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)是比較容易判斷的。

NO.2  倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

    倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)往往也是考察主謂一致，記住，如果你在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面沒(méi)有找到主語(yǔ)，一定碰到了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的真主是緊跟謂語(yǔ)之后的名詞。

    Out of America’s fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge, the over- stuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.

    A) things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing

    B) things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing

    C) things that are antiques has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring

    D) antique things have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing

    E) antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring

    本題出現(xiàn)了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)是a market，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能使用單數(shù)形式has grown，所以選項(xiàng)AD 錯(cuò)誤。

07、時(shí)態(tài)

    出現(xiàn)頻率：7%

    難度系數(shù)：4 星

    時(shí)態(tài)永遠(yuǎn)是為了傳遞不同的時(shí)間概念，所以不要強(qiáng)求所有時(shí)態(tài)一致，因?yàn)闀r(shí)態(tài)就是為了服務(wù)不同的表達(dá)含義，并不是為了全世界長(zhǎng)的一樣。所以根據(jù)場(chǎng)景判斷這里動(dòng)詞是怎樣的時(shí)間概念，然后根據(jù)時(shí)間概念來(lái)確定動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。

    Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.

    A) have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally

    B) raised hopes for there being a recovery finally

    C) had raised hopes for a recovery finally being

    D) has raised hopes that a recovery is finally

    E) raised hopes for a recovery finally

    本題考察時(shí)態(tài)，句子本身沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間概念，通過(guò)主從句時(shí)態(tài)一致原則來(lái)判斷。主句時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，從句使用屬于現(xiàn)在范疇的時(shí)態(tài)比較合適，所以BCE錯(cuò)誤。

08、邏輯主語(yǔ)

    出現(xiàn)頻率：6%

    難度系數(shù)：3 星

    邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是doing或者done放到句首，要求句子的主語(yǔ)是doing或者done的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者或者接受者。

    Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Müller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.

    A) Müller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as

    B) Müller’s career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as

    C) Müller’s career began with the unpromising apprenticeship of being

    D) Müller had begun his career with the unpromising apprenticeship of being

    E) the career of Müller has begun with an unpromising apprenticeship of

    本題是典型的給出doing結(jié)果，考察邏輯主語(yǔ)是誰(shuí)更加合適。這里spanning表示跨度和范圍，邏輯主語(yǔ)是career比較合適，所以AD錯(cuò)誤。

09、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

    出現(xiàn)頻率：5%

    難度系數(shù)：4 星

    非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞這里最喜歡考察的是 SVO, doing.的結(jié)構(gòu)中，首先doing不可以跨過(guò)逗號(hào)就近修飾名詞，doing可以作主語(yǔ)的伴隨狀語(yǔ)，也可以作整句話(huà)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。

    The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus,which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet.

    (A) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

    (B) doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit

    (C) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around

    (D) doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

    (E) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit

    這道題目選項(xiàng)的第一個(gè)差異點(diǎn)就是在考察：結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) VS 定語(yǔ)從句，前面整件事發(fā)生導(dǎo)致了后面的結(jié)果，應(yīng)該適用which指代前面一整句話(huà)還是doing作為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，在gmat考試中which不可以指代一整句話(huà)，所以ACE 錯(cuò)誤。

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